Northvolt

Northvolt was a Swedish battery developer and manufacturer founded in 2016 by former Tesla executives Peter Carlsson and Paolo Cerruti. It aimed to build Europe’s first homegrown lithium-ion gigafactories to supply electric vehicle batteries at scale. Northvolt quickly became Europe’s cleantech darling – it secured over $15 billion in funding from investors like Volkswagen (which took a 20% stake), Goldman Sachs, BMW, and the European Investment Bank. By 2021, Northvolt built its flagship factory in Skellefteå, Sweden (Northvolt Ett) and announced over $55 billion in orders from automakers including Volkswagen, BMW, Volvo, and Polestar. At its peak, Northvolt reached a valuation of $12 billion and was seen as Europe’s best hope against the Asian battery giants CATL, LG Chem, and Panasonic. The company’s progress was significant: it produced its first battery cell in late 2021 and began deliveries in 2022. However, behind the scenes, Northvolt struggled with the immense capital expenditures and operational complexities of scaling battery production. By late 2024, it had accumulated over $5.8 billion in debt and was burning ~$100 million per month, while its factory ran at only 5% capacity due to equipment installation delays and safety issues. In November 2024, Northvolt filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the U.S., and on March 12, 2025, it filed for bankruptcy in Sweden, marking the largest industrial bankruptcy in modern Swedish history. The collapse was dramatic – once valued at $12B, Northvolt’s assets were later acquired by US startup Lyten for pennies on the dollar in 2026. Investigations revealed mismanagement: thousands of unopened equipment crates worth €430M were found on-site and a critical €2B BMW contract was lost after Northvolt fell two years behind schedule. Despite its failure, Northvolt’s ambition wasn’t in vain; it spurred the European Commission to launch the European Battery Alliance and rival startups (like France’s Verkor) to push forward. Northvolt’s story is a cautionary tale of euphoria and risk in cleantech – a venture that raised unprecedented funding and $50B in orders to put Europe on the battery map, only to crumble under execution challenges and debt.